1. IntroductionWhy Usermode Protections Are Not EnoughThe fundamental problem with usermode-only anti-cheat is the trust model. A usermode process runs at ring 3, subject to the full authority of the kernel. Any protection implemented entirely in usermode can be bypassed by anything running at a higher privilege level, and in Windows that means ring 0 (kernel drivers) or below (hypervisors, firmware). A usermode anti-cheat that calls ReadProcessMemory to check game memory integrity can be defeated by a kernel driver that hooks NtReadVirtualMemory and returns falsified data. A usermode anti-cheat that enumerates loaded modules via EnumProcessModules can be defeated by a driver that patches the PEB module list. The usermode process is completely blind to what happens above it.
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